Most people are forgotten, but some historical figures have had such a profound impact that they will be remembered forever—for better or for worse.

As the discoverer of gravity, Isaac Newton is a name that will forever be etched in history textbooks. But although he was one of the most brilliant minds of his time—having contributed to the development of the laws of motion and various theories such as the theory of colors—he is best known for a simple anecdote that has been greatly exaggerated. Because no, it has never been proven that an apple fell on Newton’s head.

It’s safe to say that Albert Einstein is undoubtedly the most famous scientist of all time. His name is so well known that it’s commonly used as a nickname whenever someone displays intelligence. This German theoretical physicist is, however, much more than just a name: he made several revolutionary discoveries during his lifetime, most notably by developing the theory of relativity. 

If you’re familiar with Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, or Hamlet, then you’ve already heard of William Shakespeare. This iconic English playwright is the author of a veritable treasure trove of incredible plays, all of which continue to be performed and studied to this day. Many of your favorite books and movies are inspired by this man’s stories! His talent as a writer was truly unparalleled, and he is still often considered the greatest writer of all time.

Martin Luther King Jr. is much more than just a major American historical figure: he is recognized worldwide for his exceptional achievements and the legacy he left behind. As the author of the “I Have a Dream” speech, his role as a leading figure in the civil rights movement has inspired more people than he could ever have imagined. His lifelong efforts continue to touch people all over the world, even after his death.

Aristotle was undoubtedly a man ahead of his time. Although he was born in antiquity, he is still considered today to be one of the most influential philosophers. His ideas continue to influence and shape the world of philosophy. It is astonishing to note that the theories and writings of this ancient Greek philosopher are still studied today, which attests to the extraordinary genius he must have possessed. 

If we asked you to name an important historical figure from ancient Egypt, we wouldn’t be at all surprised if you mentioned Cleopatra. Whether you know her name from her many appearances in movies or studied her history in school, Cleopatra was a queen to be reckoned with. Her influence on Roman politics, her relationships (particularly with Julius Caesar), and the fact that she was a powerful woman of her time make her a figure worth studying. 

There isn’t much to say about this man. There isn’t a single soul who is unaware of the atrocious and horrific acts he committed. He will forever go down in history as the embodiment of pure evil and as an example of what one must never do to others.

A true genius of classical music—did you know that Mozart was already composing at the age of 5? That’s truly impressive! But what’s even more astonishing is that he continued, throughout his life, to create the most beautiful melodies that we’re all privileged to hear. With more than 600 exceptional works to his credit, there’s no doubt that Mozart is one of the greatest and most influential composers of all time. 

Although Genghis Khan is a somewhat controversial figure due to his many violent campaigns throughout history, he remains one of the most well-known historical figures. It is estimated that about 0.5% of the male population could be a very distant relative on his side of the family. Although this figure may seem insignificant, this percentage actually corresponds to about 16 million people, which is far from negligible. 

Even though Napoleon Bonaparte was an influential officer and leader during the French Revolution, it’s unfortunate that most people seem to remember him only for his height. At about 1.68 m, he can hardly be described as “short”! It’s a little crazy to think that this detail sometimes overshadows his achievements. After all, he should be regarded as one of the most brilliant generals in history, not as a short king!

Of course, if we mention Aristotle on this list, we cannot fail to include Plato as well. After all, he was one of Aristotle’s greatest teachers! Although he was born in a completely different era, his profound thinking helped lay the foundations of this discipline and shaped what philosophy is today. 

Even though he is an iconic figure in American history, you’d be surprised how many people around the world know George Washington’s name. His legacy extends far beyond the country’s borders! With numerous titles to his credit—including Founding Father of the United States, general, and first U.S. president—his influence on the country is undeniable. 

With the nickname “the Great” attached to his name, it makes perfect sense that Alexander the Great is one of the most famous figures in history. Known for having been king of Macedonia and a student of Aristotle, he is best known for being one of the most strategic, intelligent, and dominant leaders in all of history. His reign was truly impressive, as he conquered numerous empires, including Egypt, Greece, and India.

Here’s a name you’ve surely heard before in biology class. Charles Darwin is best known for his theory of natural selection, according to which the fittest adapt to survive, while the weakest eventually die out. But he didn’t stop at developing this revolutionary theory; he also made many other contributions to evolutionary biology, which form the foundation of numerous new concepts and theories.

Have you ever heard of the Mona Lisa? This famous painting, depicting a woman with a mischievous smile, was created by none other than Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest artists of all time. Although this is undoubtedly his most famous work, he also created other masterpieces such as The Last Supper and the Vitruvian Man. What’s amazing is that he wasn’t just a painter—he was a man of the High Renaissance, a true inventor and creator.

If you’ve ever heard of the term “Freudian slip,” you should know that it takes its name from the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud. Often considered the father of psychology, Freud founded psychoanalysis, a therapeutic approach that explores our unconscious mind based on the premise that our current difficulties are shaped by past traumas and experiences.

Another prominent religious figure in history, known throughout the world, is Muhammad. As the prophet of Islam, he is recognized as the founder of that religion. You may also know him as the “Messenger of God,” a title often associated with this influential man. 

Whether you’ve heard his name through Shakespeare’s play or simply in popular culture, Julius Caesar was an incredibly powerful and influential Roman leader who left his mark on the world. He was a feared dictator, which ultimately led to his downfall; his death is one of the most brutal in history: he was assassinated by a group of Roman senators who feared he was becoming too powerful. 

Beethoven was a German composer whose magnificent musical works had a profound impact on the world. Like Mozart, Beethoven was a child prodigy who displayed remarkable musical talent from a very young age. Even today, his magnificent compositions continue to amaze music lovers around the world. As a result, he is considered one of the greatest musicians of all time.

Recognized as an icon of peace, Gandhi played a crucial role in India’s journey toward liberation from British rule. It was his sincere struggle for justice and peace, combined with his nonviolent approach, that won the hearts of people around the world. His courage and leadership continue to be celebrated in history books to this day, even though other aspects revealing flaws in his character have since come to light.